Which of the following is included in special damages?

Special damages refer to quantifiable monetary losses incurred as a direct result of an injury. These damages are specifically calculated and include expenses that can be documented with receipts or bills. Hospital and doctor charges fit within this definition, as they represent direct medical expenses that an injured person may incur. Such costs are objective and can be measured, making them a clear example of special damages.

In contrast, other options like pain and suffering, loss of consortium, and emotional distress fall under general damages. These types of damages are more subjective and are not easily quantified. They reflect non-economic losses, such as the physical and emotional impact of an injury, and typically do not come with a specific price tag, which is essential for them to be classified as special damages. Thus, the inclusion of hospital and doctor charges in special damages emphasizes the focus on tangible, calculable losses associated with an injury.